Integrated and multi-agency working Essay

Working with children will often involve you working closely with families and different agencies. Multi-agency working and integrated working plays a very important part in ensuring children and families with additional needs are provided with the best possible support. Multi-agency working requires practitioners and professionals from different sectors and within the workforce to provide integrated support for children and families with additional needs. Multi-agency working provides many benefits for children and their family as they provide them with tailor-made support in the most efficient way. These benefits may include: -early identification and early intervention, -quicker access to services and/or expertise, -improved progress and achievement with their milestones and education, -better quality services, -better support for the families. Integrated working focuses on enabling and encouraging professionals to work together effectively to deliver front line services. Integrated working key elements include: -early intervention if needed, -assessments which allow practitioners to undertake an early and initial assessment of a child’s needs and access whether extra services may be required, -recording information in one place and with the consent of the child or parent, -sharing information with relevant inter-agency practitioners, -the team around the child discussing and making joint decisions with the family on the assessment and recommendations for further support, -the lead professional who is the key to the process of integrated working and is the practitioner who acts as the point of contact with the child, their family and who coordinates and monitors the action plan that may have been implemented.

Predestination: Christianity and Romans

Predestination is one of the most widely debated topics in the Christian world among many denominations today. There are many differing views and it is a harder topic to explain and understand. Often this topic is argued by twisting or taking the bible out of context. On the other hand many people truly don’t understand predestination and what it means or what it is. Others don’t want to understand predestination because of their fear that it might be truth. This paper will be outlining predestination and Calvinism by explaining this view as well as taking a deeper look into how Romans & Galatians fits into this view.Predestination has been defined in many ways by the many different denominations. Predestination is ultimately defined in our final destination is decided by God before we were even born. God decides if we are to be saved or not. He has foreordained all things that have come to pass and will continue into the future. It is the act that God chooses those who m he wants to be saved and the rest are left for eternal punishment in hell. This is not because God is unloving but because he is just and righteous. In the end the goal and duty as Christians are to bring glory to God and to evangelize as many as possible.Our concentration should be on Christ. Predestination is divided into two parts: election and reprobation. Election is unconditional and absolute; it is God’s election of man to salvation, not because of man’s works or merit. Election and reprobation have their basis in the good pleasure of God. Reprobation is defined as preterition and condemnation. Preterition is the passing over of some in the decree of election. God owes man nothing but judgment shown in Matt 20:15. God chooses whom he wants and man cannot justly argue against God for passing over him in election, which is God’s choice of condemnation.God’s choice of saving people is the same as God’s choice of the condemnation of others. Co ndemnation is an act of God as a sovereign judge. This condemnation comes from sin, which also damns man to hell. In order for God to be righteous and glorified those who are in sin should be punished. Everything is done for the glory of God 2 Tim 1:9, Heb. 2:10. The fact that some are elected and others are not is explained through God’s glory and sovereignty. Anything that God does is for his glory and this is best demonstrated through his decrees. The decrees of God are his eternal purpose according to the council of His will, where by for His own glory, He hath foreordained what so ever comes to pass† (Shorter Catechism #8). God’s decrees are free, sovereign, absolute, and efficacious. God’s decrees are free in that he moves by his own good pleasure. God’s decrees are sovereign because nothing occurs outside of God’s control or knowledge. God is a God who reigns and is in control and not limited in any way. God’s decrees are absolu te because they are not dependent upon any conditions that are not themselves determined by divine decree.God’s decrees are efficacious in that they infallibly determine the certainty of the future events decreed. These decrees are for God’s glory alone and not all ways for the good of the creature. God’s decrees relate to all events and comprehend all things in heaven and in earth. Therefore His providence is determined through his decrees. Though God’s providence he preserves and directs all his creatures. In the view of predestination God cares especially for his elect. In predestination the more debated topic is that of man’s free will. This free will is the choice that man has to choose God or choose to let the Holy Spirit work.This free will can be defined as freedom of indeterminacy or uncertainty, freedom of self-determination, and the power to contrary choice. Self-determination is directing ones self from the inside with no direction from the outside. The argument against predestination determines that a sinner freely chooses God or rejects Christ. The question of will is not whether man wills or even has a will, but whether God determines their will for good. Likewise the question is not whether a man chooses; but whether his choice has a cause or reason.This choice or lack there of is shown through the fact that man is a slave to sin John 8:34. As a slave to sin can man truly choose that which is good? One example of this is in the truth that God cannot lie. It is against his nature. God does not want to lie, so he cannot lie through his own free will Titus 1:2. Some verses talking about the will of man include John 6:65 which states, â€Å"no one can come to me unless it has been granted to him by the father. † In John 17:12 Jesus says that he has kept all those whom God has given him. According to John 6 man in his free will cannot believe because it is not in his heart to do so.Predestination suggests th at if man can choose God by the free will of his corrupt and perverse heart, it gives him more liberty and power than God himself. There is a barrier that every man cannot over come. That is the barrier of sin. It is not that he doesn’t want to choose God, although that is involved, it is that he cannot come to God, because he does not have the spiritual capacity to change his own heart and deny his own nature. Man always chooses sin and that which is corrupt unless he has a changed heart. Man is full of corruption.Therefore, man’s free will gives man nothing and is not the source of his salvation. The issue comes up that God is not fair and that he is not loving. If God were just and fair all humans would be in hell suffering eternal damnation. Mat 22:14 suggests that many are called but few are chosen. Here is al list of verses supporting predestination: John 8:6-7; Rom 11:5-7; John 6:12, 37-39, 44, 46, 65; John 15:16; John 3:5-7, 19-20; John 15:16-19; 2 Cor 5:14-17; 2 Tim 1:9; Matt. 20:16; John 8:34; Romans 8:6-7; and 2 Tim 2:26. Predestination came about through the works of Calvin, which later was named Calvinism.This view has give major points known in the word Tulip which is total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the saints. Romans & Galatians include many verses on the subject of Calvinism and many of this view use Romans as one of the most powerful books toward their argument. The first point total depravity is strongly upheld in Romans. This is the total inability of man. Man’s nature is corrupt, perverse, and sinful throughout. The word â€Å"total† in this point refers to the whole man and being are depraved.Man’s nature is sinful because of the sin that Adam committed in the very beginning. We are dead in sin. Man is utterly depraved and cannot come to God on his own accord. This is what Paul was trying to portray to the Romans. Chapter 3 best demonstra tes this truth about man’s state in this world. The first verse in Romans that points to mans sinful nature and inability to accept God is in Rom 1:20 which states, â€Å"For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world in the things that have been made.So they are without excuse. † This verse emphasizes that God has given man enough knowledge about himself through this world and nature to condemn man. This shows that evangelism doesn’t even have to be present for man to be condemned. Humanity was condemned the day it was born. Man is depraved from the heart and cannot come to God unless the Holy Spirit calls him and changes his heart. Chapter 1 also demonstrates the vileness and depravity of the people in Rome.Verses 24-25 say, â€Å"Therefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, to the dishonoring of their bodies among themselves, because they exc hanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. † Paul continues this same topic into chapter 2 and 3 of Romans. Verse 6 of chapter 2 says, â€Å"He will render to each one according to his works. † God punishes those whom he wants because He is a just God. This same judgment is taken through verses 12-29. Paul then continues in chapter 3 preaching on the inability of man.This chapter is the strongest support of this point of Calvinism. Verse 9 begins to show that Jews are no better than any other human being. Paul was preaching directly to the Jews telling them that no one is righteous, not even one vs. 10. He continues in vs. 11-12 â€Å"no one understands; no one seeks for God. All have turned aside; together they have become worthless; no one does good, not even one. † There are none righteous in the whole world. The second point of Calvinism is the unconditional election of man. God chooses certain individuals from fallen sinners to receive grace and salvation.God could have saved all men from condemnation or he could have chosen to save none but by his grace he has chosen those whom he wants. This choice was not because of man’s works but instead by the mercy and will of God 1 Thes. 5:9, Eph. 1:5. This point is also shown through Galatians revealing that our salvation is through grace not of works lest any one should boast. In Romans 1 also shows that God passes over some and chooses others. Verse 6 calls the elect the chosen ones of Christ. He chose to give over these Roman sinners to the desires of their heart in order that they may receive their due punishment.God also darkens the hearts of those he chooses. Romans 8:28-30 states, â€Å"And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose. For those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, in order that he might be the first-born among many brothers. And those whom he predestined he also called, and those whom he called he also justified, and those whom he justified he also glorified. † This verse most specifically talks about predestination because it mentions the word as well as how God works in the process of salvation.In these verses we see that God does predestine mankind to be saved or for condemnation. Those he chose he also called. Later in vs. 33 Paul directly references Gods elect. The strongest passage for unconditional election is Romans 9 speaking on the subject of God’s sovereign choice. Paul was taking examples from the Old Testament. Paul calls the elect as the children of promise in vs. 8. God chooses not because of what man did but because of hi own will. Verse 10-24 talks about God’s purpose in election. He chose man before he was even born having done nothing bad or good vs. 1. Verse 13 states that â€Å"Jacob have I loved, but E sau I have hated†. This shows the will and sovereignty of God. Paul continues to emphasize that God is fair and he does what he chooses with whom he chooses. Many suggest that God is not fair and that God is showing favoritism when he chooses some and not others but God himself says in vs. 15 â€Å"I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion. † Romans continues to show that as creator God can do whatever he wants with his creation and creatures.God uses us for specific purposes in this life and we are all apart of God’s plan. It is hard to understand God’s decision to create creatures just for condemnation but this is reality. Romans 9:22 states, â€Å"What if God, desiring to show his wrath and to make known his power, has endured with much patience vessels of wrath prepared for destruction. † In the end man chooses sin and can only choose sin. Whether or not predestination is true, man goes to hell because of his decision. Some other verses regarding the election are found in Romans 11:5, 7, and 28.The third point in Calvinism is particular redemption known more commonly as limited atonement. This is explained through the work of Christ on the Cross. Christ only atoned for those whom God chose to be saved by grace. Therefore Christ didn’t die for the whole world but instead died for those who were called (the elect). Romans 8:30 also demonstrates this point. Christ’s power on the Cross was eternal. Therefore with this kind of power Christ had to only died for those who God chose and believed in Him because if Christ had redeemed the whole world then the whole world would be blameless before God and saved.If Christ had died for the world then he would have died for those who have already gone to hell. This limits Christ’s power and ultimately makes Christ’s role in this world for sinners meaningless. The fourth point of Calvinism is the efficacious c all of the Holy Spirit also known as irresistible grace. The Holy Spirit uses the gospel to call people to himself and God. He calls the elect from the inside and places a desire for God in their hearts. This call of the Holy Spirit is irresistible meaning that man cannot resist the power of the Holy Spirit.Those who were called by the Spirit were saved by Christ on the Cross and justified in the sight of God. The Holy Spirit is also powerful and his calling is irresistible. Whenever the bible speaks of the calling of God this is reference to the calling of the Holy Spirit. Galatians 1:15-16 states, â€Å"But when he who called me by his grace, was pleased to reveal his Son to me, in order that I might preach him among the Gentiles, I did not immediately consult with anyone. † Paul constantly suggests that we are called by his Grace.The fifth and final point of Calvinism is the perseverance of the saints. This is the security that believers have in Christ to never fall away f rom the hand and hold of Christ. All believers are eternally secure in Him. No one or nothing can separate God from His elected. We are saints in Gods sight. Romans 8:38-39 proves this point which states, â€Å"For I am sure that neither death nor life, nor angels nor rulers, nor things present nor things to come, nor powers, nor height nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord. This shows that nothing can be taken away from God’s hands or snatched out of His fingers. Christ is powerful and Satan can do nothing against the power of God. This verse specifically names many things and some powerful things but nothing can take believers away from Christ. Believers cannot loose their salvation. If believers could loose their salvation then God is limited and the devil is more powerful than God. This would also negate Jesus and his role on earth. Paul speaks of the righteousness of believers in Christ in Galatians 3.Paul begins to talk about being in the spirit or having salvation and suggesting to them that they are foolish because they are in sin and their fleshly desires are dominating. Paul continues to talk about the promise given to Abraham, which is eternal life. This covenant and promise that believers have in Christ is eternal and not moving or changing. This shows that believers cannot loose their salvation but instead they were not saved in the beginning or they are struggling with their sin. Predestination is clear to some but not to others many also use verses in Romans and Galatians that point away from Calvinism.Romans 5:18-19 states, â€Å"Therefore, as one trespass led to condemnation for all men, so one act of righteousness leads to justification and life for all men. For as by the ones man’s disobedience the many were made sinners, so by the one man’s obedience the many will be made righteous. † This verse shows that condemnation is for all m en, which is direct and true but then Paul says that Christ’s act on the cross leads to justification and life for all men. If this were true then all men would be saved. Therefore, Paul here is talking about all believers.Romans 10:13-14,17 also states, â€Å"For everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. But how are they to call on him whom they have not believed? And how are they to believe in him whom they have never heard? And how are they to hear without someone preaching? So faith comes form hearing, and hearing from the word of Christ. † This verse also shows that those who call on Christ are saved. Many take this verse to mean that humans have a choice to call on God while they are in sin and that this leaves no grounds for unconditional election.Man cannot call unto God unless the Holy Spirit has worked in their hearts so that they no longer are subject to the power of sin and the blindness that comes from sin. Predestination is a powerful view and is debated among many but the most important fact about the Christian life is not the small things of doctrine but instead the Christian duty to go out into the world and preach the Gospel to the nations. Christians are called to serve Christ and build up one another not argue about doctrine. Christ is the most important part of being a Christian and that fact many times is overlooked.

Slavery in the American south Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Slavery in the American south - Essay Example   Fredrick Douglas a narrator describes how life as a slave denied him his rights and the remarkable contribution ha made in fighting for the freedom of fellow Blacks. He describes the lords and masters of Slavery in North America, how they acquired slaves from African states in the north like Mauritania and Lagos. Slaves bought in exchange of the American manufactured goods and transported along the Atlantic Ocean. African chiefs sold off their natives to earn wealth from the whites, and this triggered the activities by African to conquer the trading of their fellow blacks (Turner-Sadler, 2009). Africans sold off to the whites, forced to work in the American plantations and production industries. Douglas explains that the increased demand for labor resulted to the need to acquire more slaves from Africa, and hence they resulted to new tactics of forcefully raiding African villages and capturing the natives. They faced a lot of resistance, hence did not invade the interior of Afric a, and only attacked the areas close to the coast.In his article, he adds that slaves acquired accomplished domestic chores and professional jobs that required training. Young virgins captured to work as sex workers and hence such inhuman actions resulted to the eruption of human rights for protecting the most vulnerable especially women and children. Slaves who got any forms of training would go back to their countries and take part in developing the African Economy (Deyle, 2005).   

Ethical controversial about the abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical controversial about the abortion - Essay Example These people base their argument with Aristotle point of view that abortion is right since it creates a strong path for people to control the size of their family. Supporters of abortion believe that there is no biblical text that specifically prohibits abortion, despite many citing various biblical verses as a framework for forbidding abortion. This essay seeks to underline the ethical controversial about abortion. In the article entitled, Abortion in Australia: a Legal Misconception 2005 Kerry Petersen presented the opinion polls, which showed that most Australians approved women having their rights to carry out abortions. In Australia, there has been little support and emphasize for introducing restrictive laws that ban abortion and most state regards abortion as legal to protect the health of the woman (Kerry 142). The ground on which abortion is allowed differs from state to state. In practice, most states in Australia believe that all women have the right to access medical serv ices for termination of pregnancy especially in cases when the pregnancy may interfere with their health. The major aspect surrounding abortion in modern times is just when the soul enters into the body. Just as in ancient times, Aristotle believed that if performed early, abortion was not killing the human life (Mercer 22). He considered that the embryo gained a human soul after forty days if male and ninety days if female. Before that period, Aristotle believed that the embryo had animal and vegetable soul. In modern times, some people believe that a woman has an ethical obligation to terminate pregnancy if conducted at an early stage. In this regard, most people claim that women may terminate a pregnancy because of many reasons such as in the case of incest or rape, when the mother is not financially prepared, or when the pregnancy interferes with the mother’s health. By virtue, the accumulation of human cells has the right to live if only it has reached a specific stage o f development. With this, it stands out that it is right to terminate the pregnancy provided it is done at an early stage. A study conducted in 2009 by Rita indicates that, a pregnant woman has the moral right to terminate pregnancy if the pregnancy interferes with her personal life. In other words, the woman has the right to take the decision without legal or moral intervention of others. A woman has the right of ownership to her body. With this, she can make the decision to abort the foetus if it is interfering with her life or health. Additionally, it may not be ethically wrong to terminate a pregnancy in cases where the mother has to choose, which of the conjoined twin will die. In such cases, the operation required to separate them may cause one infant to die. The woman may be forced to abandon one of her child to save the other. Nevertheless, opponents of abortion hold that human lives are sacred and one should treat them with respect and reverence (Mercer 30). Most religions stress that, God is the creator and giver of life, and human beings should not destroy what he has created in his image. The Roman Catholic Church maintains that abortion is against God’s word and natural law, and there should be no scenarios that make it better or right. Ethically, religious experts believe that the foetus deserve to live just like a human being does (Haugen, Susan, and

Self Assessment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self Assessment - Term Paper Example ) says that merchandise budget planning accounts for inventory shrinkage by indicating deviation between budgeted loses and loses causes by stock theft. Every merchandise budget factors in inventory loses expected as a result of conventional damages during stock handling, losses from discounts and those from general sales activities. In this context, any substantial divergence between the planned loss and actual losses after sales will account for inventory shrinkage. Sales = $26,000, stock 1 = $100,000 and stock 2 = $88,000. Difference in stock value = $12,000. This value represents inventory shrinkage within a single sales period of $26,000. Additions to stock is given by; (value of stock 1/sales) Ãâ€" (sales - inventory shrinkage). Additions = (100,000/26,000) Ãâ€" 14000 = $53,846. Based on the formula GMROI = Gross Margin Ãâ€" (Sales/Average Inventory Cost). Gross margin = 46/100. This means 1.3 = 0.46 Ãâ€" sales-to-stock ratio. Therefore, sales to stock ratio = 2.8:1. In this case, the stock-to-sales ratio for 6 months = 2.8 : 1. In retail marketing, the concept of stock-to-sales ratio shows the relationship between the quantity of inventory in stock and the amount of sales. In August, there will be a high stock-to-sales ratio as compared to that of September. According to Toomey (2010), a high ratio in August means that substantial value of capital is tied up in inventory with little sales. On the contrary, September comes with significant sales; hence the ratio reduces as inventory value melts away due to increasing sales. This rule helps retail managers to acknowledge the fact that approximately 80% of sales will come from 20% of the entire stock. On the contrary, 20% of the stock levels will cause 80% of the losses incurred during sales. According to Toomey (2010), the Pareto rule helps retail managers to focus on only 20% of the inventory levels. This rule should serve as a reminder that managers should focus on controlling inventory levels of fast-selling

Restate Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Restate Goals - Essay Example Strategic goals and objectives involve a twin accomplishment: accomplish strategy formulation and strategy implementation in order to accomplish a connection between the firm and its environment. This is why strategy content, environmental scanning and corporate social responsibility. The manager must decide who are his good competitors and who are his bad competitors in the specific industry circumstances in which he competes. A key part of this policy-making process is the skill at predicting what his competitors are doing. Prediction is a vital practice because competitors, both good and bad, are not standing still. Management has a continuing and virtually inexhaustible obligation to its shareholders to increase the residual value of the corporation, rather than to increase the wealth of any other group of stakeholders, and that is the fundamental difference between the claims of other stakeholders and the claims of the shareholders to the board's decisions. Management's duty to the other stakeholders is finite, defined by contract, the law of torts, or governmental rules, and needs simply to be satisfied (Campbell 1997). Corporate goals and objectives are closely connected with organizational development embracing a wide range of intervention strategies into the social processes of an organization and involve the application of organizational behavior. Questions for discussion and training exercise: 1. Examine goals and objectives of each company. Name advantages and disadvantages of these strategies. 2. Image you are a CEO of the company. How can you restate corporate goals and objectives identified by three companies Why do you make these changes 3. Your task is to plan organizational performance according to goals and objectives. (a) Is it easy to plan organizational development strategies using these goals and objectives Explain. (b) Identify the main areas of growth and development using companies' corporate goals and objectives. Discussion Section Three organizations selected for analysis are the Alaska Railroad, HP and Nestle. These companies were selected for analysis because the yare global leaders in their industries operating of the global scale. Question: What do you know about these companies Can you identify the main similarities and differences between these giants Nestle, a leader in food industry, has the following corporate goals and objectives: " Nestl's corporate objective is to be the world's largest and best branded food manufacturer, whilst ensuring that the Nestl name is synonymous with products of the highest quality" (Nestle Corporate Objectives 2007)

Methods for Database Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Methods for Database Security - Essay Example The main part of this paper discusses the ways that an organization can use to counter the threats identified in the previous parts of the paper. The methods to be used include data encryption, web-based data security, authentication and access control, timeliness and security in real-time database systems, SQL Injections, negative databases, data security policies, and database auditing policies. Database Security Database security has become one of the most important issues in today’s world of technology. Many organizations depend a lot on their databases for the storage of their information and assets. Like all assets that any company treasures, the database is probably one of the most important assets, since it is used to store a myriad of information (Burtescu, 2009). The increase in technological advancement has allowed companies to be interconnected in ways that were not possible in the past, and with the growing technological link, so does insecurity grow. The increased connectivity has brought a number of benefits to organizations, but with it is an increased vulnerability to the security of the information accessible from the database (Burtescu, 2009). The core point in database security is the restriction of unauthorized access into databases, which can be done in a number of ways. In this case, security is used to refer to the policies or mechanisms used to prevent the threat and the asset coming into contact, where the asset referred to is the database. This means that database security is mainly concerned with protecting the database from unintended activity, be it from insiders, outsiders, or unwanted programs. Since the database is mainly a store of information, database security is concerned with preventing the loss of this information to unauthorized personnel (Burtescu, 2009). The building of a secure database is focused on improving traditional DBMS measures and providing an extended platform to the security measures in the modern organization. The main aim of this paper is to outline the main security threats that an organization can face in relation to the database, outline the importance of database security, and provide detailed explanations of the main types of database security issues. Therefore, it can be seen that the main objective in the paper is to provide an explanation of the database security methods available to an organization. A s already stated, the databases in organizations are mainly used to store important information, information ranging from financial information to customer information to product information. This means that the database is one of the most important features of the organization. It is, therefore, important that an organization keep track of the security issues that affect their databases. This indicates that the main importance of database security is to prevent unauthorized access t oinfo4mation stored in the database, which includes unauthorized modification and access. Database security systems are also put in place to ensure that data kept in the database stays confidential, since most of the data is of a sensitive nature. For example, customer information stored in a telephone company database can be sued maliciously if accessed by the wrong individuals; therefore, organizations have to ensure that their databases are kept secure. Database security is also emphasized by organiz ations to ensure that information integrity is secured, since tainted data can influence many mechanisms in the organization. However, despite the growing need for database security, many security threats come up in the growing technological atmosphere, some of which are described below.

Severity of Sanctions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Severity of Sanctions - Essay Example The implications of these two philosophies are quite different. Retribution focuses on the criminal's behaviour and stresses the need to punish him in proportion to the extent of damages caused or loss suffered. Conversely, the utilitarian stance focuses, not on the criminal, but on society as a whole with an aim at reducing crime and thereby ensuring the safety of society. Whilst both of these models are described in their pure theoretical form, in reality most cultures adopt a blended version of both. However, before we begin to fully examine the effectiveness of deterrence, an understanding of it is necessary. There are two types of deterrence: general and specific. Specific deterrence is aimed at eliminating the future criminal activity of the person being incarcerated or punished in order to avoid future punishment for repeating a similar crime whilst general deterrence's goal is reducing crime unilaterally by stopping others from committing like crimes for fear of receiving like punishment (Palmer 2005, p. 25). While it is impossible to argue that capital punishment is not a totally effective means of ensuring specific deterrence, its effectiveness as a deterrent to others is not so definitive. This leads us to the debate of the severity of sentencing and its effects on deterring criminal behaviour. Feinberg views punishment i... Instead of acting as a deterrent to preventing future criminal activity sentencing is merely a punishment and has nothing to do with deterring crime; rather its effectiveness as a specific deterrent only lasts as long as the prison sentence itself. In his explanation of the phenomenon of punishment Feinberg states: Punishment is a conventional device for the expression of attitudes of resentment and indignation, and of judgments of disapproval and reprobation, on the part either of the punishing authority himself or of those 'in whose name' the punishment is inflicted. Punishment, in short, has a symbolic significance largely missing from other kinds of penalties (1994, p. 74). He elaborates in greater detail by stating that greater than disapproval, punishment is, in effect, society's method of 'getting back' at criminals and further showing its "vindictive resentment" (1994, p. 76). From his position it is clear that criminal sentencing is not deterrent in intent; rather it is retributive in nature. Von Hirsh and Ashworth take a similar stance but further elaborate on what they view to be the causal effects of this 'vindictive resentment'. In their theory politicians use the public's fear of crime and criminals to create a heightened state of panic amongst the public. With this increased sense of fear and outrage the brunt of the retributive wrath falls upon those least able to defend themselves. Clearly seeking neither retribution nor deterrence, the political overtones and the media frenzy caused results in a public outcry for justice. As public sentiment grows more fearful and resentful, the severity of punishment rises proportionally. The sentence no longer deals with the specific nature or severity crime itself, but rather focuses

Ethnography of Speaking Essay Example for Free

Ethnography of Speaking Essay The article â€Å"Ethnography of Speaking† towards a Linguistics of Praxis† by Alessandro Duranti provides thorough study of language use in everyday life of a particular speech community. Actually, the author discusses peculiarities of language use involving communicative competence, context, speech communities, speech events, speech acts and conversation analysis. This study is centered on a situation discourse meaning that linguistic performance is evaluated in terms of socio-cultural order and language. It is noted that ethnography of speaking (ES) is concerned with finding relations between â€Å"language use and local systems of knowledge and social conduct†. The author discusses the goals of the speech, attributes of linguistic code and provides definitions of main terms involved in the discussion of language use. The author admits that ethnographers of speaking are interested in analyzing language use. The author claims that â€Å"the notion of language use is strictly related to the view of sociolinguistics as merely a different methodology, a different way of obtaining data†. However, ES define language use as the use of linguistic code in terms of a particular culture or community. The author assumes that unity of language is only illusion and in order to interpret the sign it is necessary to analyze the context. The goals of ES are to establish social identities and relationships, to explain how it is possible to change the world, to provide frames for speech events and act and, finally, to break social and cultural barriers. It is necessary to notice that ethnographic study wants to describe knowledge required by participants to communicate successfully with each other. Therefore, speaking or not speaking is significant for all human interactions. The process of speaking is, thus, constitutive of reality meaning that speaking â€Å"makes something already existing present to the participants or creates something anew†. Finally, the author discusses the role of speaking in shaping people’s life. Why speaking is important for human interactions? Works Cited Duranti, Alessandro. Ethnography of Speaking Towards Linguistics of Praxis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Theology of the cross of Jesus Essay Example for Free

Theology of the cross of Jesus Essay Outline the key elements in Pauls theology of the cross of Jesus, making careful reference to the text of his letters. Paul was one of the earliest and most influential Christian theologians, therefore it is very important that readers of the Bible scrutinize the words and implications of his writings if they wish to grasp a clear understanding of the key elements of his theology. Pauls writings and letters make up a significant part of the New Testament, providing plenty of evidence from which to gain insights. Despite the fact that academics continue to argue over whether or not a valid understanding of Pauls theology can be gained from what is essentially a collection of letters crafted for specific situations, through a close reading of the texts the most important and significant elements of his theology cannot fail to be noticed. It is evident from Pauls writings that he believes the cross of Jesus to be of integral importance to the Christian message he preaches. On one hand the cross acts as a symbol with which to inspire and teach the new followers of Christianity, and on the other hand, as an essential element in the fulfilment of Jesus destiny, the reality of Gods sacrifice and proof of the love he feels towards his people. Paul emphasises the symbolic and practical importance of the cross throughout his letters, one example of this being in Philippians, when Paul implies by corollary that the cross is a Christian symbol around which the followers of Christ can gather and seek redemption: For manylive as enemies of the cross of Christ. Their end is destruction, their god is the belly, and they glory in their shame, with minds set on earthly things (Philippians 3:18-19) The symbolic significance of the cross is undeniable, and it has become one of the most enduring symbols of Christianity in the world today. The importance of the cross is certainly one of the key elements of Pauls theology and Carey C. Newman, (among others) attributes this to the fact that Pauls primary task in life and thought was to interpret his conversion experience1. In other words, to preach his gospel to the new community of Christians and to allow them to fully comprehend the importance of Christ, the crucifixion and the resurrection as a cornerstone of their faith, Paul takes the symbol of the cross and harnesses its dramatic significance as a way of reaching out to his congregation. One of the major themes in Pauls writing is the importance of the resurrection, and a significant part of his theology regarding the cross is evident in the way he juxtaposes the two, one example being in his letter to the Romans: The death he died he died to sin, once and for all, but the life he lives he lives to God. So you must also consider yourselves dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus (Romans 6:10-11) In this verse Paul emphasises the fact that Jesus crucifixion upon the cross is representative of mankind being cleansed from sin. The juxtaposition of the crucifixion imagery and the Christian belief in eternal life is important as it shows that Paul considered the two to be inextricably linked the powerful nature of the resurrection is enhanced and strengthened by the fact that it is twinned with the image of Jesus and his cross. Paul seems to have held two theories about the significance of Jesus death on the cross as a theological concept and how it concerns the human reality of sin. David Horrell in The Introduction to the study of Paul defines these as a sacrificial interpretation and a participationist2 interpretation. During his letter to the Philippians, Paul seems to be hinting that he endorses the participationist interpretation. Paul discusses the crucifixion and the cross in the context of an important Christian experience, almost like a baptism which the followers of Christ must endure. Paul holds himself up as an example of this: For his sake I have suffered the loss of all things and count them as refuse, in order that I may gain Christ and be found in him (Philippians 3:8) He therefore implies in this letter that his theology of the cross is based on a participationist interpretation and that Jesuss cross and crucifixion are symbolic of the suffering which Christians must endure in order to gain Christ and be found in him. Pauls participationist interpretation is also mentioned in a more explicit manner in his earlier letter to the Romans, this time dealing with the theoretical implications as opposed to the practical ones: We know that our old self was crucified with him so that the sinful body might be destroyed, and we might no longer be enslaved to sin. (Romans 6:6) However, Pauls theology of the cross also seems to encompass a sacrificial interpretation, as he points out throughout his letters. In his letter to the Philippians Paul concentrates upon the cross as an important reminder of the suffering endured by Christ. Christ JesusAnd being found in human form he humbled himself and became obedient unto death, even death on a cross. Therefore God has highly exalted him (Philippians 2:6-9) This sacrificial interpretation is obviously an important element of Pauls theology. Firstly because Paul saw it as his mission to convert non-believers to Christianity, secondly as an apostle and preacher he felt it necessary to glorify Jesus and the sacrifice endured by him. This was especially important in Pauls own lifetime when Christianity was a fledgling religion. Paul referred to the cross as a way for others to understand his conversion experience or call and in this way, the sacrificial interpretation of Jesus crucifixion is one of the key elements in Pauls theology. In his first letter to the Corinthians, Paul also refers to the sacrificial importance of the cross in an attempt to heal rifts which have developed between different factions in the church at Corinth. Thus, Paul emphasises once again how Jesus death on the cross is important symbolically and a necessary tool in his futile efforts to unite the Christian Church. These two Pauline interpretations of the cross may seem to be conflicting but they are both important elements of Pauls theology and essential to the understanding of how Paul understands and preaches his gospel message. The participationist interpretation allows Paul to craft the Christian message in a manner which will appeal to and include each individual Christian. In the passages supporting the theory that Pauls theology is based on a sacrificial interpretation, the emphasis placed on the symbolic importance of Jesus cross aids Paul in his efforts to unite the Christian movement under a recognisable and meaningful emblem. In my opinion Pauls different interpretations of the cross throughout his writings do not undermine each other. The cross of Jesus was an integral part of Pauls teaching and the theology concerning it is diverse and complex. I think Pauls different interpretations of the cross show how he preached his theology to the Christians. While his theology may never be understood in its entirety, Paul does allow the key elements of his beliefs to underpin his teachings and with a variety of texts to gain information from the reader can gain insights into the heterogeneous nature of Pauls gospel message. Paul also speaks about the cross in a more obscure and mystical manner at other points in his letters (particularly in his two letters to the Corinthians). In 1 Corinthians he outlines the power of the Cross in relation to his preaching and the meaning behind this and similar statements may is not immediately obvious: For Christ did not send me to baptise but to preach the gospel, and not with eloquent wisdom lest the cross of Christ be emptied of its power. (1 Corinthians 1:17) These passages raise very complex theological questions but one definite conclusion that can be drawn is that Pauls theology is rooted firmly in the belief that the power of the cross is bound up with the power of the Holy Spirit (and in turn, the power of God and Jesus). Therefore, Pauls gospel was revealed to him directly by the Holy Spirit and so Paul considers himself to be preaching the actual words of Jesus3. Paul believes that the cross of Jesus is extremely powerful, transcending symbolic and practical significance to take up a position of prime importance in Pauline and Christian theology as a whole. Pauls letters make up a large and theologically significant part of the New Testament. This is slightly ironic as the purpose of Pauls letters to the different churches is to address specific issues and problems which have arisen within the fledgling Christian communities there. Paul did not ostensibly write with the intention of outlining or illuminating his views on Christian Theology, or indeed his own theological views. There is no doubt however, that the essence of his theology is fundamental to the advice and teachings included in his writings and therefore, it is possible to pick out the key elements of Pauls theology concerning the resurrection, God, Christian lifestyle, and (as I have concentrated on in this essay), the Cross of Jesus. Pauls letters were included in the New Testament presumably because those in charge of crafting it believed that Pauls letters were representative of his theology and therefore worthy of inclusion. Although it is impossible to pinpoint Pauls theological views precisely and in their entirety, I think it is important to draw what conclusions we can after a careful reading of his work. Paul does not lay out his theology in an easy and obvious manner, but the key elements are apparent to any reader. Pauls theology of the Cross of Jesus has many complex implications, especially with regard to anti-Semitism and the Crucifixion as an integral part of the Christian faith, however, by studying Pauls writings and by attempting to gain some understanding of their cultural, social and historical context I think it is possible to gain a proper understanding of Pauls personal beliefs and theology and to see how these views have shaped Christianity throughout the ages. Bibliography The Bible (Revised Standard Version), American Bible Society, New York, 1946 Raymond E. Brown An Introduction To The New Testament ABRL, Doubleday (1997) Mehrdad Fatehi The Spirits Relation to the Risen Lord in Paul Mohr Seibeck (2000) Robert G. Hamerton-Kelly Sacred Violence Pauls Hermeneutic of the Cross Fortress Press, Minneapolis (1992) David M. Hay (ed) Pauline Theology, Volume II Fortress Press, Minneapolis (1993) David M. Hay and E. Elizabeth Johnson (eds.) Pauline Theology, Volume III Fortress Press, Minneapolis (1995) David M. Hay and E. Elizabeth Johnson (eds.) Pauline Theology, Volume IV Scholars Press, Atlanta, Georgia (1997) David Horrell An Introduction To The Study Of Paul Continuum, London, New York (2000) A. M. Hunter Interpreting Pauls Gospel SCM Press, London (1954) Robert Jewett Saint Paul Returns to the Movies Triumph over Shame William B Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan/ Cambridge, UK (1999) Brice L. Martin Christ and the Law in Paul E. J. Brill, Leiden New York Kobenhaun Koln (1989) Sven Millert Limited and Universal Salvation A text oriented and Hermeneutical Study of Two Perspectives in Paul CB, New Testament Series 31, Almqvist and Wiksell International (1999) C. E. D. Moule Essays in New Testament Interpretation Cambridge University Press (1982) Carey C. Newman Pauls Glory Christology Tradition and Rhetoric E. J. Brill, leiden New York Kobenhaun Koln (1992) John A. T. Robinson The Body A Study in Pauline Theology SCM Press, London (1952) E. P. Sanders Paul Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York (1992) A. J. M. Wedderburn (ed) Paul and Jesus: Collected Essays JSOT Press Sheffield (1989) 1 Pauls Glory Christology Tradition and Rhetoric (see bibliography) 2 Chapter 5, page 53 3 The Spirits functions in Relation to the Risen Lord (see Bibliography)

Open Source Software: Advantages and Methods

Open Source Software: Advantages and Methods Background Open source software is treated as the software which is freely accessed by anyone. The source code of the software is publically accessible by anyone so that anyone can use it in his own way for study purposes or in order to make some changes. Open source software has option to use general public license or any other license depending upon the permissions or allowances. Now a day’s open source software are very popular because of the availability of the interne in every region of the world. The development of new open source software is starts with a single developer or a group of developers for their necessity or their interest. Open source development movement was started by Richard Stallman in 1980 in order to grow the development of the free software for social purposes to provide freedoms for the use of the software for various purposes. There are number of free software available online on the host sourcefrge.net site. Open source software is different from proprietary software in which the users can not access the code. Now days users prefer open source software instead of proprietary software because they can use the code in their own way and even they can make the modification and change the functionality according to their requirement. To use open source software, the user do not need to pay the license fee as in case of the proprietary software users need to pay the license fee. Various pros of open source software: Easy license management Lower expenses Expanded competition Good quality and stability Increased use in business Open interaction with public users and developers Improved security Faster development Open source software Open source software is software that could be easily applied, transformed, and shared (in revised or unmodified form) by anyone. Open source software is made by many individuals, and distributed under licenses that adhere to the Open Source Definition [1]. The Open Source initiative (OSI) is a global non-profit that helps and stimulates the open source movement. Among other activities, it keeps the Open Source Description, and a list of licenses that comply with this definition. Open source identifies computer software for which: The source code can be acquired to the end-user. The source code could be revised by the end-user. You can find number of restrictions on redistribution or use. The licensing conditions are meant to aid extended re-use and large option of the software, in both industrial and non-commercial contexts. There are several different functions which several, but not totally all, open source software products have in common: The expense of immediate purchase to the end-user is usually minimal. This is because the best to easily redistribute the software makes offering licenses for copies of open source software an impossible company idea. The development system of open source tasks gives several new features with Agile development, because produces are frequent, functions are included rapidly following comments from customers, developers tend to be distributed geographically. Many, but in no way all, open source tasks are made and maintained by informal areas of developers [2]. Open source tasks frequently offer as apprentice opportunities for junior developers to fast understand their business by doing real-world development. Open source software development starts with an idea from an individual or from group of individuals. The quality is considered from the initialization of the project development as it will be easy to test the software if the quality is assured from the initialization but if the quality is not assured from the start then it may leads to software failure. Software developer may use the existing code or they can develop their own code according to the requirements. Then after the development of the code it goes under the review process under the trusted developer who can understand the code and the working of the software. Then in order to assure the quality testing is performed in order to remove the faults in software. After the testing of the software if the software is found to perform according to the required functionality and found error free then it is released under the license. After the release of the software, the parallel debugging if required i.e. if any user or developer who is using that software found any faults or error in the software then he may report to the original developer in order to remove that error from the software. So in this parallel debugging is done. So in this way software undergoes different stages for the development of the software. These stages are depicted as follows: Figure 1.2.1 Different levels of development of OSS Benefits of Open Source Software Open source software has a numerous advantages for the individuals, developers and companies. A few of these benefits could be realized only if agencies lead back once again to the community. Open source software: Normally has no transparent payment. Having less transparent payment may appear to gain agencies economically. Agencies must look into the full total price of ownership like some other software companies; including all help services thatll be expected to handle the software over their lifespan. Encourages an aggressive industry for help services. Because the source code can be acquired, its feasible for any software organization to supply help for an open source product. If the clients are the good developers they can edit the code of the software. Boost up a collective methodology. Open source software boost up an open transfer of the views of the developers as well as users, who can share their view in order to make the advancements in the software. That tends to promote a collaborative approach that could foster innovation. Imposes fewer restrictions on the customers of the software. Most open source software licenses impose fewer restrictions on the customers of the software and emphasize regard for the solitude of the users. Nevertheless, agencies should ensure they understand the obligation for reciprocity thats a part of several open source licenses. Provides the opportunity for customers to directly handle maintenance and support of the software. This might be an advantage to agencies that get the correct ability base. Allows the opportunity to use the software before committing to it. This can allow agencies to check the practicality of the product before completely focusing on it. May possibly minimize supplier lock-in. whoever is using the software , the source code of the software is visible to everyone, many licenses will allow any individual or group to help expand develop the software without the obligation to aid other customers, even if the initial neighbourhood discontinues development. Professional organizations may give help for an open supply deal, if you will find enough customers willing to cover that service. Allows customers to see and alter the source code. The ability of customers to scrutinize and modify the source code can cause increased balance and security. It also allows agencies to custom the software to their own needs [3]. Allows customers to make the most of the improved performance of new produces more frequently. Now a day’s open source software agencies uses the maxim of ‘release early, release usually , and thus customers can quickly gain extra performance for the software. Raises interoperability. Open standards are used by open source software, which helps in reducing the expenses of integration and improve interoperability. Frequently is modular. Open source software packages are often modular, meaning changes to one the main source code do not affect the functionality of rest of the code. Software metrics Software metrics play a crucial role in the administration of the software projects. Metrics used to track development process, quantify restructuring impact and to calculate code quality. Software metrics are very important to software engineering for measuring software complexity and quality, functionality, Characteristic of the software product. Software metrics can be used for Finding defects in the code, predicting defective code, predicting project success, and predicting project risk. Metrics help to recognize, to monitor and connect project problems at all stages. Metrics can precisely describe the position of software project application and product. Metrics can be utilized as a method to measure problems and to prevent being forced into a reactive fix. Metrics provide powerful medium for choosing the most effective alternatives. Efferent Coupling Efferent coupling is just a count of how many classes which are combined to a particular type i.e. where the methods of 1 type contact the methods or access the parameters of the other class. If a class let it be â€Å"home† referrals other class â€Å"furniture† and class â€Å"furniture† referrals class â€Å"home† then class â€Å"home† is just counted once [14]. Efferent coupling should really be as low as feasible for three causes Higher coupling increases interclass dependencies, making the code less modular and less ideal for reuse. Even if there is need to use that code again then there may be some extra code bound with the required code which will not be necessary for the required functionality. More combining ensures that the code becomes more difficult to securely keep up since an alteration to code in one single region runs an increased risk of affecting other code which may be combined to that code. The more hyperlinks between classes the more complicated the code and the more difficult it is to check [4]. More independent the code, then it is easier to reuse. LOC Lines of Code Line of code metric is used to measure the size of the program code. It is the measure of all the lines of code available in the source code file except the comment lines. Loc metric is helpful in measuring the complexity of the code and it is also helpful to predict the productivity of the code. Following are the effects of LOC: A low value of lines of code metric result in greater understandability of the code. A low value of line of code metric of the source code may require less testing efforts to test the source code. A low value of line of code metric may result in high maintainability. CC McCabes Cyclomatic complexity Thomas McCabe developed Cyclomatic complexity metric which is used to measure the complexity of the source code. It helps in determining the minimum possible paths which can build all possible paths by the use of control flow graph. The value of cyclomatic complexity can be depicted by the use of the following formula: CC= Number of edged in the graph number of nodes + number of connected components Following are the effects based upon McCabe’s cyclomatic complexity metric: The low value of cyclomatic complexity indicates the better method. The low value of cyclomatic complexity helps in greater understand ability of the methods and reduces the testing efforts required to test the efficiency of the method. McCabe’s cyclomatic complexity helps to measure the complexity of the methods instead of the complexity of the class. But the combination of the complexity of all the methods may give results of the complexity of the class. The low value of cyclomatic complexity indicates good quality. NOC Number of Children Number of Children (NOC) is explained by CK how many immediate subclasses of a class exists [4]. CKs see was that The higher number of children poses greater reusability, since inheritance predicts behavior like reusability. The higher how many children, the greater the likelihood of incorrect abstraction of the inherent class. If a class features a big amount of children, there is possibility of an event of misuse of sub classing [11]. The amount of children offers a concept of the potential influence a class has on design. If a class features a big amount of children, there may be need of more testing of the techniques in that class. RFC Response For Class This is the measure of Response group of a class. It is defined as the number of methods in set of all the methods that are invoked in reply to a message sent to an object of a class [6]. CKs see was that In case a large quantity of practices could be invoked in reaction to a message, the screening and testing of the class becomes complex as there is need of huge degree of knowledge on the part of the tester. The bigger the number of practices which can be invoked from a class, the complexity of the class increases. A worst situation for possible response may support in ideal allocation of screening (testing) time. WMC Weighted Methods for Class Weighted methods for Class (WMC) was actually proposed by CK whilst the sum of all complexities of the methods in the class. Each method in a class is assigned a complexity of one rendering WMC equal to the number of strategies in the class. Many traditional implementations follow this rule. CKs see of WMC was How many strategies and the complexity of strategies included is a predictor of simply how much time and energy is required to build and maintain the class. The bigger the number of strategies in a class the greater the possible impact on children, because children can inherit all the methods that are specifically defined in the class. Classes having many strategies are likely to be more application specific, decreasing the likelihood of reuse. ABD Average Block Depth This is the average of the maximum block depth of each of the methods defined in the target elements. This metric is helpful in determining the complexity of the code. More the levels of nested block it will be difficult to understand the code. A method may have different conditional statements which create the flow of the code and nested blocks are generated. So it is concluded that The lower value of the average block depth indicates the good quality of the code. Higher value of average block depth indicates high complexity. Higher value of average block depth may introduce more error and may lead to difficult understanding of the code. Quality of open source software Quality is defined as the term which implies to customer or the user satisfaction. So the quality of the software means the software works according the user’s requirements. The functionality of the software is up to expectations. There are various factors which are considered in order to measure the quality of the software. Quality depends upon the factors like functionality of the software, reliability of the software, efficiency, accuracy and stability of the software. All these factors have important role in order to measure the quality of the software. If software satisfies or fulfils all these factors then it is considered as good quality software. Software free of bugs is also recommended as of good quality. Regular maintenance of the software is required in order to maintain the quality of the software. The code of open source software is accessible to everyone. So large number of users can enrol and make their contribution in order to make some modification if there exist some bugs. As the open source software are cheap so users prefer these software more than proprietary software. due to open source nature the bugs can be fixed whenever found. And even if the users are good developers then they can edit the code or use the code in order to give some more innovative software. in short these are the different ways to maintain the quality of software . due to high maintenance , good quality is achieved and in the end customers are highly satisfied. Figure 1.5.1 various quality factors Research Motivation The main motivation behind having a fuzzy logic based system to evaluate a open source software is to make the evaluation accurate and easy. In recent years , research has done in order to evaluate the quality of open source software but previous work has done on the basis of metrics and then the value of those metrics were used to evaluate software. This may gives the inaccurate results and it becomes difficult to evaluate the quality. So in this work fuzzy approach is used which accurately evaluate the software which improves the previous work by increasing the speed of evaluation and by giving improve precise results. Organization of thesis This dissertation represents the evaluation of the open source software by use of the varios metrics acting as the parameters on the basis of which quality of the software s evaluated. This chapter describes about the various metrics which are considered for evaluation and the effect of those metric on evaluation. After study about the metrics and quality of software, the motivation of the present work in the first chapter is represented, the dissertation is segregated into chapters to methodically express the work and the conclusion drawn. The work is organized into the following chapters and the content included in each chapter is briefly outlined as follows:

Pacific Explorers :: essays research papers fc

Andrew Sharp claims in his Ancient Voyagers in the Pacific published in 1956 that the Pacific Islanders did not possess the necessary navigational and sailing technology to deliberately navigate the distances between islands of the Pacific when colonizing these islands. He claims colonization was random and accidental. However, more recent studies from 1972 on of Pacific navigation suggest deliberate navigation and colonization was possible and did take place. These studies have been supported by reenactments of voyages, computer simulations, and newly acquired information regarding preparation for distant voyages. Andrew Sharp supports his claim of accidental colonization by citing numerous examples of lost voyagers landing on populated islands, their testimony or second hand information recorded by Captain Cook. Sharp claims the only distant voyages were confined to "Western Polynesia-Fiji and the Tahiti-Tuamotu archipelago" (Sharp 1956:2). He states that the longest offshore voyages made without landing on intermediate islands included distances of up to three hundred miles, separating Tonga, Fiji, Samoa, Rotuma and the Ellice Islands, and distances up to two-hundred and thirty miles, separating Tahiti from the Tuamotu islands. Sharp refers to an account by Captain Cook's interpreter, Omai, who discovered three of his own countrymen from Tahiti, who landed on Atiu, six hundred miles away. They were the sole survivors of twenty people, blown off course in a sudden gale while attempting to voyage from Tahiti to Raiatea, one hundred miles away. Sharp relies on generalizations given in Cook's logs referring to colonization of the remote islands of Polynesia. Cook refers to the accidental voyage to Atiu stating "this will serve to explain, better than a thousand conjectures of speculative reason, how the detached parts of the earth, and in particular, how the South Seas, may have been peopled; especially those that lie remote from any inhabited continent, or from each other." (Sharp 1956:4) Sharp uses examples procured from Cook's log book, citing observations of Anderson, ship surgeon in charge of natural history observations. "The knowledge they have of other islands is no doubt, traditional; and has been communicated to them by the natives of those islands, driven accidentally upon their coasts, who besides giving them the names, could easily inform them of the direction in which the places lie from whence they came, and of the number of days they had upon the sea." (Sharp 1956:7) Sharp discusses the navigational technology of the Tongans, with most of his knowledge based on Cook's observations. "The sun is their guide by day and the stars at night. When these are obscured, they have recourse to the points from which the winds and waves come upon the vessel. If during the obstruction the winds and waves should shift. . Pacific Explorers :: essays research papers fc Andrew Sharp claims in his Ancient Voyagers in the Pacific published in 1956 that the Pacific Islanders did not possess the necessary navigational and sailing technology to deliberately navigate the distances between islands of the Pacific when colonizing these islands. He claims colonization was random and accidental. However, more recent studies from 1972 on of Pacific navigation suggest deliberate navigation and colonization was possible and did take place. These studies have been supported by reenactments of voyages, computer simulations, and newly acquired information regarding preparation for distant voyages. Andrew Sharp supports his claim of accidental colonization by citing numerous examples of lost voyagers landing on populated islands, their testimony or second hand information recorded by Captain Cook. Sharp claims the only distant voyages were confined to "Western Polynesia-Fiji and the Tahiti-Tuamotu archipelago" (Sharp 1956:2). He states that the longest offshore voyages made without landing on intermediate islands included distances of up to three hundred miles, separating Tonga, Fiji, Samoa, Rotuma and the Ellice Islands, and distances up to two-hundred and thirty miles, separating Tahiti from the Tuamotu islands. Sharp refers to an account by Captain Cook's interpreter, Omai, who discovered three of his own countrymen from Tahiti, who landed on Atiu, six hundred miles away. They were the sole survivors of twenty people, blown off course in a sudden gale while attempting to voyage from Tahiti to Raiatea, one hundred miles away. Sharp relies on generalizations given in Cook's logs referring to colonization of the remote islands of Polynesia. Cook refers to the accidental voyage to Atiu stating "this will serve to explain, better than a thousand conjectures of speculative reason, how the detached parts of the earth, and in particular, how the South Seas, may have been peopled; especially those that lie remote from any inhabited continent, or from each other." (Sharp 1956:4) Sharp uses examples procured from Cook's log book, citing observations of Anderson, ship surgeon in charge of natural history observations. "The knowledge they have of other islands is no doubt, traditional; and has been communicated to them by the natives of those islands, driven accidentally upon their coasts, who besides giving them the names, could easily inform them of the direction in which the places lie from whence they came, and of the number of days they had upon the sea." (Sharp 1956:7) Sharp discusses the navigational technology of the Tongans, with most of his knowledge based on Cook's observations. "The sun is their guide by day and the stars at night. When these are obscured, they have recourse to the points from which the winds and waves come upon the vessel. If during the obstruction the winds and waves should shift. .

Southern Cyprus :: history

Southern Cyprus Southern Cyprus as Terrorist State The most insidious and nefarious partner of terrorism against Turkey is â€Å"Southern Cyprus.† I will not deal in this work with the EOKA murders directed at the British and the Turkish Cypriots perpetrated by the "Southern Cypriots" striving for the union of the island with Greece, how the Southern Cypriots accommodated the Armenian ASALA organization, and got them to kill the Turkish diplomats. Here I will only disclose the relations of the "Southern Cypriot" administration with the Marxist-Leninist Maoist terrorist organization PKK. The reason why the rulers of "Southern Cyprus" embraced the ASALA and the PKK for 20 years is the hatred of Makarios for the Turkish State and the nation. The fact that same feelings are carried by Karamanlis; Papandreou and similar Greek politicians has seriously endangered the security of the region. In the years following 1974, while the then Greek Prime Minister Karamanlis thoughtlessly and promptly withdrawing. Greece from the military wing of the NATO, Makarios, following a parallel path, was turning Cyprus into a "communist base". The policy followed by Karamanlis and Papandreou was the intimidation of the West. Moscow, striving to penetrate into the Eastern Mediterranean and to cause a collapse in the Western Alliance, had sent the agents of all the communist bloc to "Southern Cyprus". What made "Southern Cyprus" an international terrorism base is that policy. The number of so called Soviet, Polish, Czech, and Bulgarian "technicians" based in "Southern Cyprus" in 1976 was more than 1000. When 250 Cubans traveling between Syria and "Southern Cyprus" were added, that number was approaching to 1500. The militants of the extreme Middle Eastern Terrorist organizations was not ixicluded in that calculation. The one who prepared the ground for the operation of ending the influence of NATO in the Eastern Mediterranean was Vassos Lissarides, the Marxist advisor of Makarios. Lissarides, the founder of the socialist EDEK Party, is the person the ASALA before 1985, and the PKK today, on to the island, who brought to attack Turkish targets. Lissarides, in speeches he made in the anti-Turkey meetings held in Athens and Paris in 1976 had explicitly said that they were preparing "a new VietNam style War" in order to expel the Turks from the island. Lissarides played his own game for 40 years on the island and continues to do so. In this period, his connection with certain people has aroused the attention of intelligence organizations.

Cultural Differences in Parent-Child Communication Essay

Today’s children face more diversity than their parents were when they were at the same age. The cultural differences in how the parents deal and communicate with their children around the world are a great challenge. Parent’s involvement in their children’s literacy and communication either in school, home or community will be effective through communication strategies and awareness about cultural differences (Alvarez, 2000). The support of parents is one of the critical components of their children’s communication development. The effort, support and parent’s expectation for their children’s way of communication can be of great help to understand the complicated and diverse cultural differences. The socio-cultural differences vary from language, ethnicity, poverty level, sex and education that could affect the children. Cultural differences are a great challenge to prove that parents can communicate with their children and improve their behavior in dealing with other people. There are variety of reasons why parents resist and exclude themselves in children’s literacy, school activities and communication process. The number of cultural differences increases with the number of children in school, and children with full support from their parents can achieve more especially if the school setting resembles their home language. Every parent must have face-to-face interaction with their children. This is a way to establish a trusting relationship with them. Discussion Since people from different culture and race exist, parents must inform and orient their children about individual beliefs and different way of living and why does it happen. By acknowledging the differences in culture is a way to clear children’s obscured judgment of other cultures and encourage an unbiased opinion (Alvarez, 2000). As responsible adults, parents have the responsibility to open their children’s thought without prejudice about cultural mix. The couple themselves may be from different cultural backgrounds but if they do not allow this difference to get in the way of their relationship, this can allow their children to experience the mixture of different cultures (Hoover-Dempsey, 2002). It is the responsibility of parents to educate their children on matters of religion and spirituality. Nowadays, there are children who are smarter than their parents. These children can throw various questions that expect intelligent answers from adults. In teaching children about cultural differences, respect and tolerance about one’s practice and belief is important. Most of the children will emulate their adult figure and will act the same way as their parents. Parent’s effort in learning cultural differences will help their children to gain diverse awareness. Parents must have the initiative to get to know their neighbor, encourage their children to befriend other children in their school and community, and invite some friends to join dinner at home. Despite the difference in physical attributes (i. e. , hair, skin color, height, and beliefs of individuals, children must be trained to respect everyone and perceive them as a person. Understanding one’s culture does not mean acceptance but matter of respect regardless of their similarities and differences. Parent’s responsive behavior and desire to educate their children about other people’s beliefs, practices and values could promote secure attachment. There are different factors which influence individual beliefs, values and practices like parent’s intuition, the accustomed parenting practices, previous attachment practices to their parents, parental norms and accepted culture in their family, religious belief and the generation changes (Madriz, 2000). There are no consistent patterns of parental communication within each cultural group. There are predominant beliefs and practices brought by parental instinct which do not involve assistance and learning from professionals or literature but could provide security and protection during the course of child development. This type of parenting is not always reliable and can be derived from different sources. Many parents learned their communication through formal and informal means depending on their country of origin. One good example of cultural differences that takes place is when children feel lost when he enters the school premises for the first time. These children have little confidence on how to communicate with other children. However, they gradually follow consciously or unconsciously the cultural trends in school until they become accustomed to the culture. The presence of parental support like sharing their past school experiences to their children is one powerful way of informal learning. It is not necessary that parents must have an answer for every child’s inquiry but it is important to let them have awareness for everything. Parents can be of great help to their children by providing them support and making them feel comfortable to stay in school despite having no relatives, cousins, playmates and other house members that could attend to their immediate needs (Allexsaht-Snider, 2000). Parents need to talk to their children about the enjoyment brought by coming to school as they meet different people from different culture. The care and love provided by every parent to their children will equip them with confidence. Parents vary from being over-protective, loving, unmindful of their children, abusive both physically and emotionally and may not portray a typical model of ideal parents. Other parents do not have desire to act like parents despite the challenges of taking this role (Bloom, 2000). Trying to have positive outlook for their kids may be difficult due to internal conflict. They keep on fighting on how they were brought up by their parents. These negative patterns of parent’s growth will affect their child rearing process and security attachment. Although there is recognition and awareness of being parents to their children, they need to overcome their negative patterns of growing by showing great affection that they missed when they were still a child. There are different accepted parenting norms influenced by cultural differences with extent pressure to conform to their norms. Parents who strongly believe that their cultural practices must continue despite having unsupportive environment will affect their way of communication with their children. Parents keep on teaching their children the strong interwoven tradition of their religious beliefs, values and practices, the important role of their cultural spirituality greatly affects their way of living and dealing with other people that can be passed through their children and offspring. Living in another location induces stress on the parents and children, especially when difference in cultural background is present. It strongly affects their children due to their fear of rejection, lack of support for their beliefs and practices, and fear of how to ingrate their culture to the present situation. Example of this stressful cultural difference includes the Yugoslavians who were trapped in the midst of ethnic conflict due to religious differences. Other examples include the Muslims from Africa who do not eat pork, the Asian nations that swear not to fight, and the religious sects who do not want to consume drugs for their sick loved ones (Allexsaht-Snider, 2000). Parents having difficulty transmitting and enforcing their values become even stricter in ensuring that their own cultural traditions will prevail. Children are usually surrounded and mingle with peers who do not have the same cultural orientation. The risk and fear of being voted out by their fears bring them unspeakable dilemma (Allexsaht-Snider, 2000). As parents, communicating with their children about cultural differences they must inflict to them that their trust is to mould them as good children with moral and responsible obligation to their family, school and community (Allexsaht-Snider, 2000). The clash of cultural differences must not be a form of struggle in their day to day living but rather help them to become flexible and protective of their own culture. From child’s birth to his seven years of existence in the world, most parents play and rear their children. From seven years to fourteen years of life they guide them to follow their cultural practice. From fourteen to twenty one years of life towards adulthood, parents must be a friend to their children (Joyner, 1996). They keep on guiding but respecting their own prerogatives in life. Regardless of countries of origin, families can gain practical learning experiences that can transfer to their children and let them feel the challenge of changes in their lifestyle with guidance. By understanding the children’s priority with compassionate guidance they can be ready to occupy a space in this world with respect to cultural differences and share their own cultural and religious beliefs and practices. Within cultural groups, an individual may experience diversity but the important thing is for them to recognize the dynamic features of every culture (Allexsaht-Snider, 2000). Changes may take place from generation to generation brought by influx of younger generation ideas and countries global position. However, the essence of cultural differences lies in the benefits derived from diversity learning. During the past, most children would be quietly sitting in their living room while their parents are entertaining visitors and must be involved in their conversation. Those were the days of traditional parenting. At present it is necessary for parents to encourage their children to get involved in conversation and be confident enough to share and learn new ideas. It is just right to keep certain traditional beliefs and practices but by adding some new and positive ideas can help them in adjusting to current environment. Reflecting and evaluating the parenting style, values and practices will enable the children to keep the best values, give up the not so good ones and adopt to new ones. Though parents can keep on talking about their old practices and beliefs about cultural differences, it is just right to adopt new practices, beliefs and values with an intention of improving and benefiting their children. Conclusion Cross-cultural learning experiences differed but it is important not to fall into the trap of being left and keep on living based on past cultural beliefs, values and practices. Giving children the affection, attention and respect despite of being young are significant aspect of parent-children relationship, community involvement and extended family interaction. No individual learns from one person alone. Each individual is connected by their day-to-day interactions with others. The children should be taught to communicate in positive manner with others as this can help them in their self-development (Edwards, 2001). It is great to know that children will obey their parents not because of fear or control but because of their choice to share their own opinion and be respectful in dealing with other people. Teaching children to respect everyone regardless of cultural differences is a way of helping them to grow (Allexsaht-Snider, 2000). The deep and enduring connection of parents to their children creates happiness at home with their own freedom of expression towards healthy child development. References Alvarez. T. (2000). African-American and Latino Teacher’s Perspectives on Inner City Teaching. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Center for Urban Ethnography Allexsaht-Snider, M. (2000). Families, Schools and Communities Practices. New Orleans, LA: American Educational Research Association Bloom, D. , Katz, L. , Solsken, J. ,Willet, J. , & Wilson-Keenan, J. (2000). Interpellations of family and classroom literacy practices. Journal of Educational Research, 93, 155-163. Joyner, E. (1996). Rallying the Whole Village, Reforming Education. New York: Teachers College Press. Edwards, P. (2001). A Path to Follow Learning to Parents, Greatest Challenge. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Gunn-Morris, V. (2000). Preparing for Family Involvement. New Orleans, LA: Educational Research Associations Hoover-Dempsey K. (2002). Parents Involvement in Their Children’s Education. Review of Educational Research. 3-42. Madriz, E. (2000). Focus groups in feminist research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds. ), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed. ). (pp. 835-850). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Early childhood deprivation Essay

Early childhood deprivation varies from the areas of health, nutrition and education (Biller and Solomon, 1996). However various intonations have been put forward to improve children’s welfare that aim at promoting early childhood care and foster holistic development and realization of child’s potential. Early childhood deprivations hamper child’s development and thus killing the future viable generation. In this regard, there’s need to invest in children welfare. During early childhood, child’s deprivation has the most profound negative influence on child’s development in terms of physical, mental and social domains. In most cases of children deprivation, the children usually lack essential interventions responsible to promote healthy development, thus there is hardly any pre-existing normalcy. Although deprivation occurs in children across all human race; black or white, girls or boys, rich or poor, the worst form of deprivation occurs in children who come from economically poor background. The tangible impact of childhood deprivation is in terms of mental health damage since most incidences of deprivation are interpreted as threats to the child, thereby causing trauma. However, in extreme cases of deprivation in childhood the children are deprived off stimulation or nurture. Types of Deprivation Child deprivation during the tender age can be classified in terms of Absolute deprivation, Relative deprivation and Perceived deprivation. Absolute deprivation entails lack of or preventing the child from gaining access to absolute development needs such as food, water, protection touch of who without the children usually dies the challenge with absolute deprivation is how much quantity is enough for the infants. For instance, studies show that infants or children who are not touched usually develop â€Å"nonorganic failure to thrive† syndrome (Brooks-Gunn, J. et al. , 2004, p. 106) that make then refuse to eat and became suicidal. Additionally, touch is necessary for emotional bond for the child that is responsible for creation of brain patten to support interaction behaviors and form basic for later empathy development, therefore, abosute deprivation is critical especially to child development and sustainability. Relative deprivation described as lack of child’s developmental needs that are determined by subculture and culture in which the child resides. Unfortunately, developmental expectations in relation to children development usually changes overtime. For instance in United States of America it has been a norm culture that children at age of 6 years are ready and expected to enter the first grade in order to learn how to write, read and do basic mathematics. Unfortunately, research by Biller and Solomon (1996) indicates that 20-30% of all children are not ready by this time. Moreover culture also oblige the parents give special attention to their children in terms of facilitating celebrating children status like birthday in order to promote children social conscious development, therefore in circumstances where the culture through parents denies children typical opportunity which is considered essential for a healthy child development it becomes deprivation. Moreover, children worldwide live in varied living conditions with resources never been equitably distributed to all children depending on familial social, ethnic identity, social economic and county of origin, this inequity hampers children development physically, socially and mentally precisely most children who are deprived off relatively usually develop maternal depression, abuse and family violence. Perceived deprivation results from children’s and parents feeling that the children are deprived due to frustrated desires as opposed to unmet needs. For instance, in a family set up there is child rivalry because it is normal parents usually favor some children than others. As a result, the child that is not favored feels unwanted no matter how hard parents can convince them. For instance, studies show that children who are taken good care of after incidences of neglect, despite sufficient supply of food and emotional support, they tend to exhibit signs of mistrust due to perceived deprivation (Biller and Solomon, 1996). The causes of deprivation The causes of deprivation vary across populations and societies. However, the most causes are familiar such as low skills and education, membership in minority groups, undevelopment and unemployment, social isolate from society’s mainstream and persistent and interrogational transmission of poverty to tolerate this factor (Brooks-Gunn, J. et al. , 2004), studies reveal that children in neigh hood without deprivation signs exhibited good growth and development outcomes as opposed to those with signs of deprivation. However, there are a number of additional aspects that greatly contribute to childhood deprivation, child neglect in the welfare system is a common form of child neglect in us where parents are givers fail to give the child essential resources as food, medical care, shelter and clothing which endanger child wellbeing. Development impacts of Deprivation Response of children to deprivation varies from one individual to another in the sense that human beings are shaped by the interaction of their genetic predisposition with stimulation, nurture, threats and other ennental forces. It should be noted that infancy experiences of children have a profound and long term effect on mental, physical, social and emotional characteristics, therefore, when deprivation is chronically and insidious pervasive the results are diastoles irreparable intellectual deficits, chromic health problem, mental illness, physical disabilities (Biller and Solomon, 1996), emotional disturbances and behavioral problem. Conclusion The paper has discussed early childhood deprivation and its major dimensions and its related effects. Fortunately, the effects of early childhood deprivation are treatable (Brooks-Gunn, J. et al. , 2004) by placing deprived child on a long-term and well structured relationship where the child learn or relearn that positive social interaction to offset the negative impact. It is encouraging also that across US there are various programs and interventions that are aimed at ensuring those children and/or individual degraded by deprivation are returned to normalcy. Link to Articles 1. http://jech. bmj. com/cgi/content/full/62/7/599 (CNN article) 2. http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/health/2180874. stm (BCC ) References 3. Biller, B. & Solomon, S. (1996). Child deprivation and maltreatment: Lexington, Lexington Books press. 4. Brooks-Gunn, J. et al. (2004). â€Å"Effect of Economic deprivation to early childhood development†: Journal of Child Development, 13, p. 214-219

Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay

â€Å"No one’s life is a smooth sail; we all come into stormy weather.† This statement has more truth to it than one may think. In life, everybody reaches a rough point, a point where the light at the end of the tunnel seems dim, or even nonexistent. But overcoming this adversity is what builds character. Accepting and prevailing over life’s obstacles are what separate strong, independent-minded and forward-thinking people from those who give up and avoid their problems. Anne Moody, author of Coming of Age in Mississippi, lived a life of great struggle in which she overcame adversity with great efforts and a dedicated heart and mind. As an African-American female, Anne Moody had one of the hardest battles to fight throughout her life. With limited rights as a woman and even further limitations due to race, she often found herself being subordinated by others. While in high school, she left her hometown of Centreville, Mississippi to spend the summer in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. While there, she worked for a local woman, Mrs. Jetson, doing housework. After working for Mrs. Jetson for two weeks, Anne wished to collect her pay. When Anne found Mrs. Jetson’s house empty, she recalled â€Å"On Monday I did call the shoe store, and was told Mrs. Jetson had quit on Friday. I had never before felt so gypped in all my life. Out of all the women I had worked for this woman was the worst† (Moody 150). Anne had been cheated out of two weeks’ worth of pay. She was astonished at Mrs. Jetson’s audacity in failing to pay Anne what was rightfully hers. It was difficult to find jobs where she was treated with some dignity, and almost impossible to find ones where she was treated as her employer’s equal. Anne was forced to change jobs frequently on account of being disrespected and used. Although no scamming experience was as impactful on Anne as the one with Mrs. Jetson, Anne experienced similar situations in jobs she had prior and jobs she took afterward. The summer after being in Baton Rouge, Anne went back to Louisiana; this time she stayed in New Orleans. There, she managed to land a job in a chicken factory. What she expected to be a large, intricate, and somewhat clean workplace turned out to be a dreadful nightmare. To her shock, she found herself gutting freshly killed chickens for over ten hours a day  without gloves or proper sanitation whatsoever. Near the end of the day, Anne recollected her â€Å"face, arms, and clothes were splattered with blood and chicken shit. I got so disgusted at one point that I stood there and let about a dozen chickens half full of shit pass me by† (Moody 178). Along with the other factory workers, Anne is treated with the utmost disregard to dignity and sanitation. She is forced to work excruciatingly long hours for minimum wage, exposed to grotesque dead animals and susceptible to disease. Unfortunately, because the pay was better than most other jobs in the area, Anne was forced to stick with her factory work. She worked in the factory for a month, saving her money and gaining exposure to the various stations in the factory. Although she did make very good money under the circumstances, she was deeply affected by her work; for years she could not eat chicken and for the rest of her life she refused to eat boxed chicken. The challenge of going to work every morning knowing what she was going to endure was tough, but her willpower and need for money helped her push through. After high school, Anne applied to and attended Natchez College in Mississippi. During her second year, she was eating in the cafeteria on campus when she and a few other classmates found maggots in their food. Disgusted, she and her classmates stormed into the kitchen to find an explanation for the repulsive experience. She â€Å"knew exactly where the grits were kept from the time I had worked in the kitchen. I went straight to the pantry and saw that there was a big leak from the showers upstairs. The water was seeping right down onto the shelves† (Moody 256). Anne and her classmates boycotted the campus cafeteria and its food, refusing to yield until some sanitary fixes were implemented. The challenge here was finding other ways to stay fed. The students did not have enough money to last them more than a week or so, so eventually they all started back, one by one, to the cafeteria and its semi-sanitary food. Still repulsed, Anne refused to go back and began losing a lot of weight. She became so thin and hungry all the time that she resorted to writing her mother who brought her enough canned food to last the remainder of the semester. The challenge in staying fed with healthy, sanitary food was one which presented itself on a large scale for Anne at college and otherwise. Had she been unable to obtain food from  her family, she may have starved to the point of fainting or even death. Overcoming this challenge was just about a matter of life or death for Anne. One of Anne’s most prominent memories and experiences in her early life was during her college career when she participated in a sit-in in Woolworth. The idea of the sit-in was to sit calmly at a white lunch counter and ask for service; thus, blacks wanted to show they wished to be treated equally. Of course, doing such a thing drew a lot of attention in very little time, and soon after the sit-in began a large crowd formed in the restaurant. After the crowd of whites realized Anne and her fellow sit-in participants would not budge until they received service, â€Å"the mob started smearing us [sit-in participants] with ketchup, mustard, sugar, pies, and everything on the counter. Soon Joan and I were joined by John Salter, but the moment he sat down he was hit on the jaw with what appeared to be brass knuckles. Blood gushed from his face and someone threw salt into the open wound† (Moody 291). The violence that occurred at the sit-in that Anne and her friends had to endure is almost unimaginable. The absolute disrespect, degradation, and cruelty shown to blacks by whites is virtually unbelievable, yet Anne was faced with challenges like these almost every day. Amazingly, Anne was courageous, intelligent, and controlled enough not to fight back and to remain nonviolent no matter what violence was shown to her. Her ability to not fight fire with fire is remarkable, and helped her to overcome the adversity which she so often found herself facing.